Author Richard Zacks tells in The Pirate Coast (Hyperion 2005) the full story of America's first post-independence foreign war, the clash with the Barbary pirates, 1803-05. The tale would make for a terrific movie, if a non-politicized Hollywood film-maker without a political axe to grind could be found to make it. With today's Tinseltown, do not hold your breath.
The tale has more twists and turns than a brief blog can recount. Suffice it to say that in 1803 Thomas Jefferson decided America should end extortion by Barbary marauders--plying the Mediterranean from their havens in what today are Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. Pirates even raided Italian towns to collect slaves. On one such raid in 1798 they collected a pretty 12-year-old girl named Anna Porcile. Her father went from door to door seeking aid in her recovery, whilst her virtue was still intact. He found a caring soul in William Eaton, who in 1801 manned the US consulate in Tunisia. Which led to Jefferson sending a mini-fleet to compel the pasha of Tripoli to give Anna back. Eventually, she was ransomed, her virtue intact.
Then a US ship, sent to coerce Barbary compliance, ran aground, and 300 Americans were taken hostage for what proved to be 19 months. Eaton led an intrepid expedition to free the brother of the piratical pasha. But in the end a diplomat-appeaser, one Tobias Lear, sold America's heroes out, negotiating a treaty with secret provisions calling for an indemnity paid the pasha, plus a sell-out of the pasha's brother, whose family was held several years after the treaty was signed despite assurance from the Americans that such would not happen. President Jefferson, alas, approved the secret cave-in. Not his finest hour.
It remained for Navy legend Stephen Decatur, who burned the captured ship Philadelphia in Tripoli harbor in 1805, to redeem America's honor by thrashing the pirates after his star turn in the War of 1812. Decatur refused ransom for ten Christian captives, collected damages for past wrongs and captured the flagship of the Bey of Algiers.
The author gives two priceless quotes from hero William Eaton. In the first, Eaton neatly contrasts the pasha that Lear capitulated to with the pasha's brother, whom Eaton marched with: "If parricide, fratricide, treason, perfidy...and systematic piracy [give guarantees] of good faith, Mr. Lear has chosen the fittest of the two brothers." Then in a note to the naval commander who evacuated him from Tripoli, Eaton wrote: "In a few minutes more, we shall lose sight of this devoted city,...thrown from proud success and elated prospects into an abyss of hopeless wretchedness.--Six hours ago the enemy were seeking safety from them by flight--this moment we drop them from ours into the hands of this enemy for no other crime but too much confidence in us! The man whose fortune we have accompanied thus far experiences a reverse as striking--He falls from the most flattering prospects of a Kingdom to beggary." Alas, for his troubles Eaton was humiliated upon his return home--by Jefferson, no less; Decatur's vindication of Eaton's view came after Eaton's death from alcoholism.
Touched on in the epilogue are nuggets that tell part of a tale at least as significant, if not more so, than the story the author recounts. Just as America's involvement with Arab and Muslim people was driven by a self-defense against piracy, so was France's 1830 move into Algeria. Not mentioned by the author are two other matters pertinent to today: Britain's involvement with the Gulf states around 1830 was in response to piracy and slavery as well. Oil drilling was not known then. Only in Egypt did Western imperialism raise its ugly head (Napoleon's 1798 invasion, scuppered by Britain, who wished to protect its "Jewel in the Crown," India).
So, 'twas less Western rapacity that led to Western moves into the Mideast, than a desire to curb Mideastern (dare we say Muslim?) rapacity.